Depression Causes or Effects Essay - 1068 Words

Depression: Causes or Effects? Depression supplies a distinct depiction of the brain equals behavior theory. The physiological characteristics that taint the diseased brain directly impact the thoughts and behaviors of the millions of sufferers. The genesis of this dehabilitating problem is both mysterious and complicated and I am not offering any sort of revelation in stating that it is a multi-factorial manifestation involving both biological and environmental components. The end product of these variable factors do, however, provide some common biochemical alterations in the brain that lend insight into understanding the reality and possible treatment of the disease. So, in the spirit of working backwards, I will explore†¦show more content†¦Hormonal abnormalities may also characterize the depressed brain. The most pervasive irregularity lies in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the system that manages the bodys response to stress. When a threat to physical or psychological well-being is detected, the hypothalamus increases production of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which, in turn, induces the pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then instructs the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Chronic activation of the HPA axis may result in illness and depression. In fact, hyperactivity in the HPA axis is the most replicated finding in all of biological psychiatry (1). I have been referring to these conditions as end-products but they could, just as easily, be viewed as causes and not consequences of depression. Perhaps I have not been working backwards at all but have instead been addressing the origins of this disease. It all depends on why people get depressed in the first place. Seeing as how preventative medicine is almost always the best medicine, the why of this issue becomes quite critical. Unfortunately, the why of depression seems to be even more elusive than the how. There is, of course, the stress dimension, which was made very relevant by the HPA axis discovery. But what about individuals who encounter depressive episodes with no history of stress or trauma? And whyShow MoreRelatedDepression : Cause, Causes And Effects Of Depression1116 Words   |  5 Pagessweating and dizziness. Anxiety may cause physical exhaustion and general ill health. Effects of depression When someone is found in such a condition the primary effects observed are the various signs and symptoms caused by a particular situation, thought, physical state, emotions or actions which brought about the depression. The effects of depression are mostly observed in the physical state as the symptoms portrays on the person who is in a depressed state. Depression can result into condition whichRead MoreDepression : The Cause, Causes And Effects Of Depression1142 Words   |  5 Pagessnickered at him from afar. Then to tie it all together, he tripped in a puddle of muddy water on the way home from school. Life was making him be depressed. The definition of depression, from Google, is â€Å"feelings of severe despondency and dejection.† This basically this means that you feel down when you are depressed. Depression is a mental disorder that affects your mood. This mental disorder is very common, more than 3 million cases of it are in the U.S. per year. It is big in teenagers and youngRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Depression874 Words   |  4 PagesCauses of Depression As we perceived today, many of American citizens are suffering from depression where they suffer from mental stresses. According to Bill Hendrick, a reporter at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, about nine percent of American citizens are suffering from a depression. Depression is when a person is not in his or her minds. They may feel down downcasted and traumatized. Depression can be caused by different factors. Things such as abuses, bullying, death, genetics or a lossRead MoreDepression : Causes And Effects1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of depression is â€Å"a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest† (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People who have not had much experience with depression agree with this definition, and believe those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up. Both statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset and disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite lossRead MoreDepression : Cause And Effect1629 Words   |  7 Pageslead to depression. According to the National Conference on Mental Health, depression is the cause of over two-thirds of the 30,000 reported suicides in the United States each year. Suicide caused by depression is even the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S. and the number of people who are becoming depressed is rising. Even though it is the tenth leading cause of death, over all in the U.S., it is the third-leading cause of death in young people ages 15-24. Not only is depression a cause of deathRead MoreCause And Effect Of Depression1695 Words   |  7 Pagesanother. It is used carelessly as a verb used when one is fed up. Depression is a lot like that. It is an endless loop of discouragement and annoyance with life. It’s a seemingly endless fall to rock bottom, an infinite and ever increasing low that one wasn’t aware existed. It is a bat tle but not an insurmountable one. There are plenty of reasons to stay alive, yet the main one is the possibility of a missed opportunity. Depression causes the loss of visualizing these opportunities. They seem hazy, possiblyRead MoreDepression : Causes And Effects1050 Words   |  5 PagesDepression is â€Å"a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest† (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People believe that depression is just feeling upset and disinterested in everyday activities, and those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up. Both statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset and disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite loss, memory difficultiesRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Depression Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesThe Causes and Effects of Depression Depression has numerous causes and effects which affect not only the person but the people around them. Depression doesn’t have a specific cause; in most cases it’s different for everyone. It is a common, treatable mental illness that can be experienced at any time in life. It is often described with feeling sad, unhappy, miserable, or â€Å"down in the dumps†. Most people have these feelings on occasion. There are several types of depression. TheseRead MorePostpartum Depression : Causes And Effects1450 Words   |  6 Pages Postpartum Depression in Rural U.S Communities Amanda L. Ruiz Widener University Overview The overview of this article is postpartum depression in rural Unites States communities. Researchers search to find the causes and effects of postpartum depression in rural US communitiesRead MoreCause And Effect Of My Depression1337 Words   |  6 Pagesdates were near, and my stress levels were out the roof. The cause that led to my downfall in college was none other than depression. My depression has affected my academic life by causing me to procrastinate, which led to my lack of motivation, resulting in my poor performance in college. This Depression is hindering my daily routine, both at home and in school. It is an emotional illness, which occurs internally, but it can also effect a person’s physical activity. For instance, I am no longer energetic

Depression Causes or Effects Essay - 1068 Words

Depression: Causes or Effects? Depression supplies a distinct depiction of the brain equals behavior theory. The physiological characteristics that taint the diseased brain directly impact the thoughts and behaviors of the millions of sufferers. The genesis of this dehabilitating problem is both mysterious and complicated and I am not offering any sort of revelation in stating that it is a multi-factorial manifestation involving both biological and environmental components. The end product of these variable factors do, however, provide some common biochemical alterations in the brain that lend insight into understanding the reality and possible treatment of the disease. So, in the spirit of working backwards, I will explore†¦show more content†¦Hormonal abnormalities may also characterize the depressed brain. The most pervasive irregularity lies in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the system that manages the bodys response to stress. When a threat to physical or psychological well-being is detected, the hypothalamus increases production of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which, in turn, induces the pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then instructs the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Chronic activation of the HPA axis may result in illness and depression. In fact, hyperactivity in the HPA axis is the most replicated finding in all of biological psychiatry (1). I have been referring to these conditions as end-products but they could, just as easily, be viewed as causes and not consequences of depression. Perhaps I have not been working backwards at all but have instead been addressing the origins of this disease. It all depends on why people get depressed in the first place. Seeing as how preventative medicine is almost always the best medicine, the why of this issue becomes quite critical. Unfortunately, the why of depression seems to be even more elusive than the how. There is, of course, the stress dimension, which was made very relevant by the HPA axis discovery. But what about individuals who encounter depressive episodes with no history of stress or trauma? And whyShow MoreRelatedDepression : Cause, Causes And Effects Of Depression1116 Words   |  5 Pagessweating and dizziness. Anxiety may cause physical exhaustion and general ill health. Effects of depression When someone is found in such a condition the primary effects observed are the various signs and symptoms caused by a particular situation, thought, physical state, emotions or actions which brought about the depression. The effects of depression are mostly observed in the physical state as the symptoms portrays on the person who is in a depressed state. Depression can result into condition whichRead MoreDepression : The Cause, Causes And Effects Of Depression1142 Words   |  5 Pagessnickered at him from afar. Then to tie it all together, he tripped in a puddle of muddy water on the way home from school. Life was making him be depressed. The definition of depression, from Google, is â€Å"feelings of severe despondency and dejection.† This basically this means that you feel down when you are depressed. Depression is a mental disorder that affects your mood. This mental disorder is very common, more than 3 million cases of it are in the U.S. per year. It is big in teenagers and youngRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Depression874 Words   |  4 PagesCauses of Depression As we perceived today, many of American citizens are suffering from depression where they suffer from mental stresses. According to Bill Hendrick, a reporter at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, about nine percent of American citizens are suffering from a depression. Depression is when a person is not in his or her minds. They may feel down downcasted and traumatized. Depression can be caused by different factors. Things such as abuses, bullying, death, genetics or a lossRead MoreDepression : Causes And Effects1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of depression is â€Å"a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest† (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People who have not had much experience with depression agree with this definition, and believe those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up. Both statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset and disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite lossRead MoreDepression : Cause And Effect1629 Words   |  7 Pageslead to depression. According to the National Conference on Mental Health, depression is the cause of over two-thirds of the 30,000 reported suicides in the United States each year. Suicide caused by depression is even the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S. and the number of people who are becoming depressed is rising. Even though it is the tenth leading cause of death, over all in the U.S., it is the third-leading cause of death in young people ages 15-24. Not only is depression a cause of deathRead MoreCause And Effect Of Depression1695 Words   |  7 Pagesanother. It is used carelessly as a verb used when one is fed up. Depression is a lot like that. It is an endless loop of discouragement and annoyance with life. It’s a seemingly endless fall to rock bottom, an infinite and ever increasing low that one wasn’t aware existed. It is a bat tle but not an insurmountable one. There are plenty of reasons to stay alive, yet the main one is the possibility of a missed opportunity. Depression causes the loss of visualizing these opportunities. They seem hazy, possiblyRead MoreDepression : Causes And Effects1050 Words   |  5 PagesDepression is â€Å"a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest† (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People believe that depression is just feeling upset and disinterested in everyday activities, and those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up. Both statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset and disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite loss, memory difficultiesRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Depression Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesThe Causes and Effects of Depression Depression has numerous causes and effects which affect not only the person but the people around them. Depression doesn’t have a specific cause; in most cases it’s different for everyone. It is a common, treatable mental illness that can be experienced at any time in life. It is often described with feeling sad, unhappy, miserable, or â€Å"down in the dumps†. Most people have these feelings on occasion. There are several types of depression. TheseRead MorePostpartum Depression : Causes And Effects1450 Words   |  6 Pages Postpartum Depression in Rural U.S Communities Amanda L. Ruiz Widener University Overview The overview of this article is postpartum depression in rural Unites States communities. Researchers search to find the causes and effects of postpartum depression in rural US communitiesRead MoreCause And Effect Of My Depression1337 Words   |  6 Pagesdates were near, and my stress levels were out the roof. The cause that led to my downfall in college was none other than depression. My depression has affected my academic life by causing me to procrastinate, which led to my lack of motivation, resulting in my poor performance in college. This Depression is hindering my daily routine, both at home and in school. It is an emotional illness, which occurs internally, but it can also effect a person’s physical activity. For instance, I am no longer energetic

Depression Causes or Effects Essay - 1068 Words

Depression: Causes or Effects? Depression supplies a distinct depiction of the brain equals behavior theory. The physiological characteristics that taint the diseased brain directly impact the thoughts and behaviors of the millions of sufferers. The genesis of this dehabilitating problem is both mysterious and complicated and I am not offering any sort of revelation in stating that it is a multi-factorial manifestation involving both biological and environmental components. The end product of these variable factors do, however, provide some common biochemical alterations in the brain that lend insight into understanding the reality and possible treatment of the disease. So, in the spirit of working backwards, I will explore†¦show more content†¦Hormonal abnormalities may also characterize the depressed brain. The most pervasive irregularity lies in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the system that manages the bodys response to stress. When a threat to physical or psychological well-being is detected, the hypothalamus increases production of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which, in turn, induces the pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then instructs the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Chronic activation of the HPA axis may result in illness and depression. In fact, hyperactivity in the HPA axis is the most replicated finding in all of biological psychiatry (1). I have been referring to these conditions as end-products but they could, just as easily, be viewed as causes and not consequences of depression. Perhaps I have not been working backwards at all but have instead been addressing the origins of this disease. It all depends on why people get depressed in the first place. Seeing as how preventative medicine is almost always the best medicine, the why of this issue becomes quite critical. Unfortunately, the why of depression seems to be even more elusive than the how. There is, of course, the stress dimension, which was made very relevant by the HPA axis discovery. But what about individuals who encounter depressive episodes with no history of stress or trauma? And whyShow MoreRelatedDepression : Cause, Causes And Effects Of Depression1116 Words   |  5 Pagessweating and dizziness. Anxiety may cause physical exhaustion and general ill health. Effects of depression When someone is found in such a condition the primary effects observed are the various signs and symptoms caused by a particular situation, thought, physical state, emotions or actions which brought about the depression. The effects of depression are mostly observed in the physical state as the symptoms portrays on the person who is in a depressed state. Depression can result into condition whichRead MoreDepression : The Cause, Causes And Effects Of Depression1142 Words   |  5 Pagessnickered at him from afar. Then to tie it all together, he tripped in a puddle of muddy water on the way home from school. Life was making him be depressed. The definition of depression, from Google, is â€Å"feelings of severe despondency and dejection.† This basically this means that you feel down when you are depressed. Depression is a mental disorder that affects your mood. This mental disorder is very common, more than 3 million cases of it are in the U.S. per year. It is big in teenagers and youngRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Depression874 Words   |  4 PagesCauses of Depression As we perceived today, many of American citizens are suffering from depression where they suffer from mental stresses. According to Bill Hendrick, a reporter at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, about nine percent of American citizens are suffering from a depression. Depression is when a person is not in his or her minds. They may feel down downcasted and traumatized. Depression can be caused by different factors. Things such as abuses, bullying, death, genetics or a lossRead MoreDepression : Causes And Effects1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of depression is â€Å"a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest† (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People who have not had much experience with depression agree with this definition, and believe those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up. Both statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset and disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite lossRead MoreDepression : Cause And Effect1629 Words   |  7 Pageslead to depression. According to the National Conference on Mental Health, depression is the cause of over two-thirds of the 30,000 reported suicides in the United States each year. Suicide caused by depression is even the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S. and the number of people who are becoming depressed is rising. Even though it is the tenth leading cause of death, over all in the U.S., it is the third-leading cause of death in young people ages 15-24. Not only is depression a cause of deathRead MoreCause And Effect Of Depression1695 Words   |  7 Pagesanother. It is used carelessly as a verb used when one is fed up. Depression is a lot like that. It is an endless loop of discouragement and annoyance with life. It’s a seemingly endless fall to rock bottom, an infinite and ever increasing low that one wasn’t aware existed. It is a bat tle but not an insurmountable one. There are plenty of reasons to stay alive, yet the main one is the possibility of a missed opportunity. Depression causes the loss of visualizing these opportunities. They seem hazy, possiblyRead MoreDepression : Causes And Effects1050 Words   |  5 PagesDepression is â€Å"a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest† (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People believe that depression is just feeling upset and disinterested in everyday activities, and those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up. Both statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset and disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite loss, memory difficultiesRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Depression Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesThe Causes and Effects of Depression Depression has numerous causes and effects which affect not only the person but the people around them. Depression doesn’t have a specific cause; in most cases it’s different for everyone. It is a common, treatable mental illness that can be experienced at any time in life. It is often described with feeling sad, unhappy, miserable, or â€Å"down in the dumps†. Most people have these feelings on occasion. There are several types of depression. TheseRead MorePostpartum Depression : Causes And Effects1450 Words   |  6 Pages Postpartum Depression in Rural U.S Communities Amanda L. Ruiz Widener University Overview The overview of this article is postpartum depression in rural Unites States communities. Researchers search to find the causes and effects of postpartum depression in rural US communitiesRead MoreCause And Effect Of My Depression1337 Words   |  6 Pagesdates were near, and my stress levels were out the roof. The cause that led to my downfall in college was none other than depression. My depression has affected my academic life by causing me to procrastinate, which led to my lack of motivation, resulting in my poor performance in college. This Depression is hindering my daily routine, both at home and in school. It is an emotional illness, which occurs internally, but it can also effect a person’s physical activity. For instance, I am no longer energetic

A Guide to College Research Paper Example Apa

A Guide to College Research Paper Example Apa The Pain of College Research Paper Example Apa You might begin with an overall idea for a thesis, but when you've written about it for some time, you are going to observe that new difficulties or questions come up, which means you want to continually return to revise and re-think what you began with, Boyd explained. If you select something outside your range of interest, you can wind up nodding off and have difficulty finishing the job, which isn't a very good impression to make at college. You provide references at the close of the work to permit others to discover the information that you used. Such a practice can cause accusations of plagiarism. The results of a purchases paper on the internet can demonstrate the importance of relying on experts for such guidance. Now, you're able to personally observe the types of services put for sale and decide on the ideal writer. The explanations for why internet use has grown over the pas t twenty decades. Other folks prefer the usage of staples. The New Fuss About College Research Paper Example Apa For example, you will have to recognize the 10 page research paper example MLA subheadings, correct style. A research paper outline template is an easy tool to establish and to utilize. Include a page header at the peak of every page. Includes instructional text to aid you in easily creating your report. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About College Research Paper Example Apa There is an assortment of requirements to distinct kinds of academic assignments. After the work by means of your thesis statement is completed, begin to consider your essay organization. There you may learn to construct the structure and its elements. Statement of the issue. What Everybody Dislikes About College Research Paper Example Apa and Why It is essential that you read the assignment carefully. 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Don't use the margins or compose a change under the line it affects. Too excessive volume suggests a whole lot of i ssues that are going to be faced during the practice of its accomplishment. If writing a paper gets difficult for you, there are lots of alternatives to find reliable assistance. The War Against College Research Paper Example Apa It's utterly important since it will provide you a plain view of the way the things ought to be put together. The hardest thing is getting an acceptable topic for the exact same. The principal advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. The research paper is among the many students tasks in college that's intended to demonstrate the degree of their knowledge. Research work in college can be flexible particularly when the professor enables you to pick a topic all on your own. Also, a number of the research has been conducted, you will just must add and synthesis more research to achieve your conclusion and prove your thesis. Technology has developed greatly in last few decades and has come to be a significant part our lives. When you submit your paper, make sure to keep a safe copy. Just like when employing a drafting paper template, you also need to make sure that your research paper is straightforward, detailed, and informational. A research paper is quite a significant kind of academic writing. It contains a study that usually starts with the creation of a research paper outline. However long your paper must be or how little time you've got to complete it, there are a few general tips which will help you finish a first-rate research paper. As stated earlier here are a few sample outlines for research papers. It is crucial to start out with search of dependable informative sources when you are able to. If you need a customized research essay proposal that have been written mainly for you from our essay writing services is quite easy. 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Environmental Science

Questions: 1. What is the name of the atmospheric component of ENSO and what does the expression describe?2. Describe the Walker Circulation and how this changes between El Nino and La Nina events.3. What is the name of the oceanic component of ENSO and where does the name come from? 4. How does the sea level in the eastern Pacific change during an El Nio event - is it higher or lower than usual? What is the magnitude of this sea level change? - is it in the order of centimetres, metres, or decametres?5. Why are El Nio events detrimental to commercial fishing in the eastern Pacific?6. In which parts of Australia can agricultural production be strongly affected by ENSO?|7. How often do ENSO-driven droughts occur (on average)?8. What does a highly negative and persistent (winter and spring) SOI indicate in terms of rainfall in Queensland?9. What year could we be describing in the two scenarios on the first page? 10. Scenarios 1 and 2 on p. 1 of the practical refer to eastern Australia and coastal Peru. Impacts of ENSO may also be felt elsewhere in the world. Describe two other areas in the world where ENSO impacts may be felt, and what are they? Answers: 1. Southern Oscillation is the name given to the atmospheric component of ENSO phenomenon(Bureau of Meteorology, 2015). The huge shifts of the tropical atmosphere mass have been between west Pacific and India and Ocean and East Pacific from east to west. This has been associated with this atmospheric component. This component influences the atmosphere of the ocean by anomalies because of the pressure exerted by the winds on the surface. In return, the ocean influences its atmosphere by anomalies within the surface temperatures of the ocean. This is attributable to the upward fluxes caused by the ocean latent heat. 2. The description of Walker circulation between El-Nino and La-Nina events can be found in the neutral phase of the ENSO. At this phase where none of the two events occur. Instead, the trade winds blow from east to west all through the tropical Pacific Ocean surface. This event brings a warm and moist air on the surface of the ocean waters in the direction of the western Pacific while at the same the central Pacific Ocean remains cool. In the end, thermocline becomes deeper in the west when compared to the east. This phenomenon of the air rising from the west and blowing and falling in the east is the one described as Walker Circulation(Liberto, 2014). 3. El-Nino is the name given to the oceanic component of ENSO(Tisdale, 2014). Over the decades this name has been associated with the annual weak and warm currents that rise along the Ecuador and Peru coasts especially near or around the Christmas period. As a result, these currents replaces the colds waters in the Peru Current. Therefore, the origin of the El-Nino is closely associated with the Spanish word meaning the boy Christ child Meaning this ENSO component occurs on an annual basis during Christmas time(National Ocean Service, 2016). 4. It is usually known that the El-Nino events in the Pacific Ocean greatly impacts both the weather patterns and the temperatures around the world. However, the impacts of this event are widespread as they still affect the Pacific Ocean sea levels. Therefore, it is quite clear the variations in the sea levels cannot be ignored. It is due to this fact; this paper aims to explore the effects of the El-Nino on the sea levels of the Eastern Pacific. During this period the sea levels in the Eastern Pacific are usually higher than usual. This is because of the warm water which causes expansion and thus resulting in the rise of the sea levels by several centimeters. 5. From the analysis of the El-Nino impacts is has come out clearly that it results to warming of the ocean waters. As a result, the expansion of the ocean waters sets in, and the sea level starts to rise. High temperatures will, in turn, interfere and affect the aquatic habitat of the fishes. To avoid this unfavorable environment, a lot of fish will migrate towards the cool regions causing to the reduction of the fish in regions experience the effects of El-Nino events. As an entrepreneur who has ventured in the commercial fishing activity, he or she will incur a loss due to the reduced catch. Alternatively, the entrepreneur may end up losing some of his or her customers to the competitors due to the shortage of fish products in the market. 6. Australia has been termed as a fairly dry continent. This is because of the continents rainfall variability which is not reliable. This phenomenon has been attributed to the components of ENSO that is El-Nino and Southern Oscillation. Since it, ENSO occurrence some parts of Australia has been facing droughts of the decades. This is because of the cold oceans currents which create high pressure on the land hence increasing the probability of dryness. For example, the regions of Victoria, Western Australia, New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland have been largely affected by this phenomenon. 7. The findings indicate that Australia has been a victim of droughts associated with ENSO components. Additionally, it has been found that many of the huge droughts that have occurred in Australia have direct with the ENSO effects. For example, 1914- 1915, 1983-1983 and 1991 1995 droughts were as the result of the ENSO. Also, it has been concluded that on average the drought in Australia occurs within a range of three to seven years. Therefore, at the range of five and half years can be termed to be average at which the drought do occur in Australia. 8. From the Study of the SOI negative and persistence continuance of the low rainfall during winter and spring phases has always been followed by the heavy rains. Similarly, the low rainfalls in Queensland during winter and spring periods it is an indication that the region will experience high rainfall with the shortest span of time. However, the rains do not continue for long as the findings have found that the heavy rains have broken the begging of the huge drought. 9. Considering the two scenarios, the year 1995 seems to describe them. This is because of the country in scenario one the region was experiencing drought and high sea levels. However, it has always been the case a period of heavy rainfall was experienced. Alternatively, in scenario two region in eastern Australia seems to suffer from drought after the phase of El-Nino. 10. Eastern Australia and the coastal parts of Peru are not only the areas experiencing the effects of ENSO alone. There are other regions of the globe which have faced the similar ENSO consequences. For example, some parts of the United States and the Northern Europe seems to suffer from the effects of ENSO. The findings how that in the US Pacific Decadal Oscillation cause the variability in the sea temperatures and return affect the weather patterns. Alternatively, ENOS has been proved to have strong connections with the droughts that occur in several regions of America, Central America, and Western Pacific Islands, in some parts of Africa, Brazil, Philippines, India and Indonesia(Woods Hole Oceanographic, 2015). References Bureau of Mateorology. (2015, 2 April). Southern Oscillation Index. Retrieved from https://www.bom.gov.au: https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/glossary/soi.shtml Liberto, T. D. (2014, August 1). The Walker Circulation: ENSO's atmospheric buddy. Retrieved from https://www.climate.gov: https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/walker-circulation-ensos-atmospheric-buddy National Ocean Service. (2016, June 28). What are El Nio and La Nia? Retrieved from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html Tisdale, B. (2014, April 30). The 2014/15 El Nio Part 6 What's All The Hubbub About?... Retrieved from https://wattsupwiththat.com/: https://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/04/30/the-201415-el-nino-part-6-whats-all-the-hubbub-about/ Woods Hole Oceanographic. (2015, September 6). El Nio Other Oscillations. Retrieved from https://www.whoi.edu: https://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/el-nino-other-oscillations

The Marketing Plan of Niften Shampoo Essay Example

The Marketing Plan of Niften Shampoo Essay Niften devoted itself to supply excellent quality and reasonable price shampoo to the consumers. We ship our product all over China, so that, every Chinese can be our customer. Niften does many researches about market, consumers, and media before it delivers its product to everyone. Niften aims to the people who wants their hair health, beauty and smooth. And also, with a reasonable price. Nowadays, there are more than ten brands shampoos in each store, this would make our consumers confuse when they purchase. Our goal is to make cheap shampoo with specific function to fit for different people and try our best to satisfy our consumers. We also provide a survey to everyone to fill it in order to know our customer and to make them satisfy. In the next few years, we try our best to increase our sales in order to take as much as market shares in the market. Moreover, according the media, we would spend part of our expense on advertising, and commercials. Also, our gross margin is calculate and forecasted, so that, we can deliver our product all over the China following our marketing plan restrictedly. In conclude, throughout the survey, we would know our consumers in different aspects for their needs and to satisfy them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Plan of Niften Shampoo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Plan of Niften Shampoo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Plan of Niften Shampoo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also, to understand ourselves in order to do better on our customers. Last but not least, bring up marketing plan as guidance, to continue on public relations, and commercial strategy. To build up Niften image, and improve sales. 1. Background of Marketing Plan 1. 1) Consumer analysis * Purchasing analysis Figure 1 The figure above shows that product effectiveness and price are the most important reasons for people buying shampoos. Quality, price, product effectiveness and etc. have miner effect. In aspect of functions of shampoos, people would prefer anti-dandruff, smooth, and conditioner with shampoo 2 in 1 etc.. Also, advertising, public relations these kind of promotional tactics are important as well. Figure 2 * Different ages of consumers gets different influence from those factors, for example, people whose age around 21 to 25 would be influenced by advertising deeply. The age over 25, they would influenced by the magazine and personal sale. * Women are take around 41% purchasing share in shampoo market, compare to men, their desire of buying is more than men, and would be easier to effected by advertisings, and sometimes they buy not only because they need it, also they want to buy it. However, for men, they would be more rational when buying. * 42% consumers express that they would like to buy shampoo in supermarket or a wholesale store like Costco. To conclude, more product poured into Chinese market, the way consumer to make the decision buying product is changing respectively. 1. 2) Market background analysis Chinese shampoo market belongs to couple giant co-operations. They are not only take the most market share, and brand image influence, they also get fund, technology, and operation advantage. Based on the survey, Head Shoulders and Pantene are the two biggest brand in the market which they take 66% if market shares. We have huge market quantity here in China, there are 2000 shampoo manufacture and more than 3000 shampoo brand, total sales revenue would be more than 3 billion Canadian dollar, and also, total production and total sales are the top of the world, and it still increases. 1. 2. 1) Price Procter Gamble and Unilever adjust their price since April 2001. Nowadays, we can distinguish the product into three levels by pricing. The capacity all 400ml. A. High price: the price range is around 10 to 15 dollar. B. Mid-level: the price range is around 5 to 10 dollar. C. Low-level: the price range is around 1 to 5 dollar. 1. 2. 2) Brand positioning statement Based on different position of different brand in the market, organizations usually use four dimensions to operate their product in order to be approved by consumers and market. Figure 3 A. Material: first, product functions is a promise that guarantee the satisfaction to consumers. Second, different sub-product would fit for different consumers. B. Emotional appeal: to decorate the idea of the product. C. Broadcast: shampoo is a typical commercial product, in this full of branded shampoo market, a strong media support would help a lot on sales. D. Sales: promotions like beauty selection, sponsorship, or membership club. 1. 2. 3) Current brand separation According to the survey, we could separate the shampoo brand by the companys strength. First brand which takes the most market share is Head Shoulders. 36% people would purchase it. Second brand is Pantene which takes 30% market shares. And the third brand is DOVE, it has 24% market share. Last brand is Soft-Soap, only takes 12% of market share. Compare those data, Head Shoulders is our biggest competitor in the future. Figure 4 1. 2. 4) Features of brand competition A. High concentration, and become monopolistic competition. Head Shoulders and Pantene take more than half of the market shares, with the development of market, some small brand would be gone eventually. B. Competitive territory and dimension increase heavily. Shampoo market is divided by levels, functions, and types due to the brand diversity, multi-branded, and sub-branded tactics using by organization. There are several different sub-brand shampoos in same price. And, this competition now rising not only to the multi-branded but also to the way of promotions, sales, and commercials etc.. 1. 3)SWOT analysis 1. 3. 1)Advantage * Local manufacture has the distribution advantage compare to the multi-national companies. Niften is made in China, so that, the profit margin is higher than other global companies because of tariff, transportation, and marketing research expense. * For those competitors which is also manufactured in China, Niften is a new product which brings fresh and curious to consumers. 38% of people in the survey says they would like to try the new product. Figure 5 1. 3. 2)Disadvantage * Like other shampoos, there is no outstanding functions or features that can make it different from other products. * Niften compares to other big companies, the ability for researching, updating to latest technology, and the money to put into promotion, Niften does not have the advantage. Other organizations which are big and rich would be way better. 1. 3. 3)Opportunity * According to the survey, 44% of people buy different brand of shampoos when they purchase at the second time. Niften can work on the people who would consume on the introduction period of a product. Figure 6 Too many different brands comes with too many choices for consumers, for those people who are not professional users of shampoos, Niften can do more promotions or sales to increase their market share. * Consumers becomes more rational that start caring about price. Compare to other brands Niften has the advantage of pricing, same capacity 400ml, Niften only half price of Head Sh oulders. 1. 3. 4)Threats * PG takes most of the market shares which means it has most customers and some of the customers are loyalty. Even some of them switch to other brand of shampoos, but still those brands are belongs to PG. 1. )Niften product category * Green tea shampoo * Algae shampoo * Aloe shampoo * Sesame shampoo * Ginkgo shampoo 1. 5)Competitor analysis 1. 5. 1) PG PG owns five brand which are Head Shoulders, Pantene, VS, Eclairol, and Rejoice. Since 2001, PG spent almost 5 billion to take over Eclairol from Bristol-Myers Squibb, their products chain become perfectly. Rejoice takes smooth, Pantene takes health, Head Shoulders takes anti-dandruff, VS takes conditioner, and Eclairol takes hair dye and care. 1. 5. 2)Vision statements of those brands Head Shoulders: You can have visibly flake free, hair thats beautiful. Pantene: There is a way to great hair. Rejoice: Vitamin B5 makes your hair healthy and shiny. VS: Professional hair care. Eclairol: Return to the nature, you will feel how strong your hair is. 2. Marketing strategy 2. 1)Building a health operating system for company Niften is a new company that step into shampoo industry not long ago, so, it needs to build a complete and health operating system in order to make smooth business inside this industry. Here are some advises and suggestions: Enterprise mission: Build the world class family cleaning brand. This is the companys ultimate goal. Core values: Fair, honesty, diligent, and frugality. Operation philosophy: understand the needs from consumers, and keep satisfying them. 2. 2)Locating Target market for Niften is the people whos age between 21 to 25, statistics indicates those people are more than 80%. Also, male are take more than 50% of them. So that, Niften can set their target market to those male whose age between 21 to 25. 2. 3)Marketing tactics 2. 3. 1)To set the position for exist product in market A:Start selling 600ml, and 750ml big bottle of shampoos. B:Keep selling 400ml bottle, 200ml bottle of green tea, algae, aloe, sesame, and ginkgo five different functional shampoo. However, 200ml bottle would be taken over by family package. C:Start selling 100ml with 5 different packs combination. D:Start using recycling packaging. 2. 3. 2)Developing new functional shampoos to fill up the blank of the market. Releasing new Niften anti-bacteria shampoo using 200ml and 400ml bottle. A:The market Niften focus on the area where H1N1 happened. B:The people who are middle class level is our target market C:Positioning this new product as anti-bacteria. D:Using bamboo as new packaging. 2. 3. 3)Pricing Based on the survey, most people would pay around 5 to 10 dollars for their shampoos. So, Niften set the price for their planet series 200ml bottle is $3. 99, 400ml bottle is $4. 99, 600ml bottle is $5. 49, and 750ml bottle is $6. 49. However, the new anti-bacteria shampoo is for middle class level family, and it only use 500ml bottle, so, the price is $6. 99. 2. 3. 4)Sales and Promotion A:Buy one 600ml bottle get one for 50% off or buy one 750ml bottle could get a 100ml 5 packs as free gift. B:Weekend or holiday promotions. C:Sales person directly talk to consumers and make consumers know about Niften products. 2. 4)Distribution channel 2. 4. 1)Select channels A:Manufactureretailerconsumers. This channel mainly for big or middle size city. B:Manufacturewholesalerretailerconsumers. This one is for small city and villages. Figure 7 2. 4. 2)Area selection * Business district: Downtown area, Shoppers Drug mart. * Living community: Convenience store. * Discount store: Wal-mart, Superstore, and Zellers. 2. 4. 3)Consummate the whole Distribution system * Set up the management office in every city which could reflect the situation directly back to manufacture. * Co-op with the wholesaler and retailer throughout contract. And help them to find the best way to sale and promote. And to do the training for those sales person. 2. 5)Public relations 2. 5. 1)Requirements for PR * Commercial activities and social activities should be both projected. * PR event and media conference should be held at the same time. 2. 5. 2)Missions of PR events * To build up a health public image of Niften and increase the brand popularity at the same time. * Using the publicity campaign to grab the atte ntion from wholesalers and retailers. Keep looking for and building up the relationship with partners. * Guide consumer to finish their purchasing. 2. 5. 3)PR events * Build up Niften family care centre. Public service advertising. * Public image ratings for Niften from few public news papers and media. 6. Commercials * Advertising to those wholesalers and retailers. Platform: TV. Strategy: celebrity. * Advertising to consumers. Platform: TV. Propose: Deliver the information that different shampoos have different feels and impacts. Strategy: Make the health of hair as the meals for people, easy to understand when people have different food for different nutrition. So that, shampoos would do it same way. * Print advertising. Platform: Elevator, billboard and any commercial stands or post. * Flyers, and e-mail. Budget for advertising. (Beijing) * TV:CCTV 21:00-21:30 $1000 per 10s 11:30-12:00 $300 per 10s 19:30-19:35 $1200 per 10s 19:40-20:50 $1400 per 10s Total: $3900 per day * 365=$1423500 Bus stands and buses $2000 per piece * 10=$20000 $4000 per bus *10=$40000 Total commercial budget: $1423500+$20000+$40000=$1483500 7. Forecast * Make Niften become one of the most competitive brand in the market, and try to make into first 10 welcome shampoos. * Completing Niften shampoo producing and selling system. * Build up a positive public and brand image for consumers that Niften not only cares about your hair, but also your family.

Steven Spielberg Saving Private Ryan Essay Example

Steven Spielberg Saving Private Ryan Essay Example Steven Spielberg Saving Private Ryan Essay Steven Spielberg Saving Private Ryan Essay Essay Topic: Film Saving Private Ryan was directed by Steven Spielberg and it was first released on September 11th 1998. The film was based on the world war two, it was a pivotal event of the 20th century and a defining moment for America and the world, some of the leading actors in the film are Tom Hanks (captain Miller), Tom Sizemore (sergeant Horvath), Edward Burns (private Reiben) and Matt Damon (private Ryan). In the film the desiderated colour gives the war scene a great effect and the handheld cameras again add to the reality of these scenes and capture a lot of detail which makes it seem very realistic, Steven Spielberg wants to show the ugly side of war by having great detail in the battles, they are very shocking and the use of handheld cameras catch every drop of blood that sheds from every soldiers. Spielberg did not want to glamorise the events of Omaha beach and the opening sequence he is determined to show the true reality, I think the first scene suggests this by showing the American flag flying above the graves of American soldiers and shows the outcome of war and this is certainly not alluring, it shows how the war is so dark and horrific. In the first scene Private Ryan is an old man cautiously walking through the masses of graves, and suddenly pauses and falls to his knees, busting into streams of tears; Spielberg shows us how much sorrow war brings to peoples lives. When the camera zooms into Private Ryans eyes you can actually see the sheer hurt in his eyes and the transition takes place when we almost see the cold icy sea in his mournful eyes, we then hear the waves crashing against the Americans boat, the colour fades and the fear we see in Private Ryans eyes turns into the captain Millers eyes. As they approached Omaha beach the sound of machinery is thunderous and the roaring of instructions from the captains can be heard. The soldiers dont even have time to get of the boat when they are brutally slaughtered by the Germans. The soldiers then jump over board into the icy waters, the Germans shoot at them and as they hit the water the bullets are rapidly muted as they hustle through the sea piercing though the soldiers lifeless corpses, the sea turns to an instant red, a sea of blood and massacre, Spielberg continues to show the audience what war is really like. Captain initial reaction is one of shock as he sees dead fish scattered among the bodies of soldiers, human beings. Perhaps Spielberg is trying to convey a sense of a human being, has no greater vale than a fish in this scene, this really shows us what war is like, and the panning view shows the audience the destruction of the war and how futile war is.

Asistir Conjugation in Spanish, Translations and Examples

Asistir Conjugation in Spanish, Translations and Examples Asistir is a Spanish verb that can mean- you guessed it- to assist or to help. But it is used more often for to attend or to go, as to an event, a school, or a class. It can also mean to attend to, such as in working to resolve a problem or in taking care of a medical patient. Asistir is conjugated regularly, so you can use  the charts here for  conjugating most other -ir verbs as well. Youll find listings here for all the simple tenses in both the indicative and subjunctive moods, such as the present, both types of the past (imperfect and preterite), the future, and the conditional. And of course, also included are the past participle, gerund, and periphrastic future as well as the commands or imperative mood. When talking about attending something, asistir is typically followed by the preposition a or the contraction al. As a verb for to help, asistir is somewhat formal. In informal situations, such as everyday speech, a more common verb is ayudar. In the conjugation charts below, the conjugation itself is the same for any of the meanings of  asistir, but the examples provided  apply to the most common use, to attend to. Present Indicative Tense of Asistir Yo asisto I attend Yo asisto al concierto de rock. T asistes You attend T asistes a la escuela. Usted/l/ella asiste You/he/she attends Ella asiste al gimnasio. Nosotros asistimos We attend Nosotros asistimos al juego. Vosotros asists You attend Vosotros asists a la universidad. Ustedes/ellos/ellas asisten You/they attend Ellos asisten a la reunin. Asistir Preterite The preterite is one of the two simple past tenses and is used with actions that came to a clear end. Yo asist I attended Yo asist al concierto de rock. T asististe You attended T asististe a la escuela. Usted/l/ella asisti You/he/she attended Ella asisti al gimnasio. Nosotros asistimos We attended Nosotros asistimos al juego. Vosotros asististeis You attended Vosotros asististeis a la universidad. Ustedes/ellos/ellas asistieron You/they attended Ellos asistieron a la reunin. Imperfect Indicative Form of Asistir The  imperfect  is the second simple past tense. One common use of the imperfect is to establish the background for another event. You normally would use the preterite to translate I attended the concert, but you could use the imperfect to indicate that as I was attending the concert, something else happened. Yo asista I was attending Yo asista al concierto de rock. T asistas You were attending T asistas a la escuela. Usted/l/ella asista You/he/she was attending Ella asista al gimnasio. Nosotros asistamos We were attending Nosotros asistamos al juego. Vosotros asistais You were attending Vosotros asistais a la universidad. Ustedes/ellos/ellas asistan You/they were attending Ellos asistan a la reunin. Asistir Future Tense Yo asistir I will attend Yo asistir al concierto de rock. T asistirs You will attend T asistirs a la escuela. Usted/l/ella asistir You/he/she will attend Ella asistir al gimnasio. Nosotros asistiremos We will attend Nosotros asistiremos al juego. Vosotros asistiris You will attend Vosotros asistiris a la universidad. Ustedes/ellos/ellas asistirn You/they will attend Ellos asistirn a la reunin. Periphrastic Future of Asistir Periphrastic is simply a way of saying something has more than one word. So this tense is simply ir a as the equivalent of Englishs going to. Yo voy a asistir I am going to attend Yo voy a asistir al concierto de rock. T vas a asistir You are going to attend T vas a asistir a la escuela. Usted/l/ella va a asistir You/he/she are/is going to attend Ella va a asistir al gimnasio. Nosotros vamos a asistir We are going to attend Nosotros vamos a asistir al juego. Vosotros vais a asistir You are going to attend Vosotros vais a asistir a la universidad. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a asistir You/they are going to attend Ellos van a asistir a la reunin. Present Progressive/Gerund Form of Asistir Gerund of asistir asistiendo assisting/attending Yo estoy asistiendo a los conciertos de rock. Past Participle of Asistir Past participles are combined with forms of haber. They indicate that the verbs action has been or will be completed. Participle of asistir asistido have attended Yo he asistido al  concierto de rock. Conditional  Indicative Form of Asistir Yo asistira I would attend Yo asistira al concierto de rock si tuviera dinero. T asistiras You would attend T asistiras a la escuela si tuvieras la edad. Usted/l/ella asistira You/he/she would attend Ella asistira al gimnasio si tuviera compaera. Nosotros asistiramos We would attend Nosotros asistiramos al juego si pudiramos comprar boletos. Vosotros asistirais You would attend Vosotros asistirais a la universidad si quisierais. Ustedes/ellos/ellas asistiran You/they would attend Ellos asistiran a la reunin si tuvieran tiempo. Present Subjunctive of Asistir Que yo asista That I attend Pedro quiere que yo asista al concierto de rock. Que t asistas That you attend Andrea quiere que t asistas a la escuela. Que usted/l/ella asista That you/he/she attend Ana quiere que ella asista al gimnasio. Que nosotros asistamos That we attend Ral quiere que asistamos al juego. Que vosotros asistis That you attend Selena quiere que vosotros asistis a la universidad. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas asistan That you/they attend Roberto quiere que ellos asistan a la reunin. Imperfect Subjunctive Form of Asistir Most of the time, you can use either one of the conjugations given below for the imperfect subjunctive. The first one is used more often. Option 1 Que yo asistiera That I attended Pedro quera que yo asistiera al concierto de rock. Que t asistieras That you attended Andrea quera que t asistieras a la escuela. Que usted/l/ella asistiera That you/he/she attended Ana quera que ella asistiera al gimnasio. Que nosotros asistiramos That we attended Ral quera que nosotros asistiramos al juego. Que vosotros asistierais That you attended Selena quera que vosotros asistierais a la universidad. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas asistieran That you/they attended Roberto quera que ellos asistieran a la reunin. Option 2 Que yo asistiese That I attended Pedro quera que yo asistiese al concierto de rock. Que t asistieses That you attended Andrea quera que t asistieses a la escuela. Que usted/l/ella asistiese That you/he/she attended Ana quera que ella asistiese a la escuela. Que nosotros asistisemos That we attended Ral quera que nosotros asistisemos al juego. Que vosotros asistieseis That you attended Selena quera que vosotros asistieseis a la universidad. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas asistiesen That you/they attended Roberto quera que ellos asistiesen a la reunin. Imperative Forms of Asistir Imperative (Positive Command) Yo T asiste Attend! Asiste al concierto! Usted asista Attend! Asista a la escuela! Nosotros asistamos Lets attend! Asistamos al juego! Vosotros asistid Attend! Asistid a la universidad! Ustedes asistan Attend! Asistan a la reunin! Imperative (Negative Command) Yo T no asistas Dont attend! No asistas al concierto! Usted no asista Dont attend! No asista a la escuela! Nosotros no asistamos Lets not attend! No asistamos al juego! Vosotros no asistis Dont attend! No asistis a la universidad! Ustedes no asistan Dont attend! No asistan a la reunin!

'If a business wants to maximise profit, it cannot be concerned with Essay

'If a business wants to maximise profit, it cannot be concerned with corporate social responsibility'. Critically discuss th - Essay Example When a business focuses on maximizing profit, they are ignoring their responsibility towards society. Should a business worry about the importance of CSR or that of maximizing profit (Davis 1960)? The paper discusses the fact that it is a business’ social responsibility to maximize profit by ignoring corporate social responsibility. Argument 1 It is the responsibility of the corporate executive to generate as much profit for the business while complying with the fundamental societal rules. CSR has the policies that ensure a business conforms to these rules. Throughout the decades, the theory of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) continues to develop in significance and importance. It has been the subject of considerable debate, commentary, theory building and research. Regardless of the continuing discussions as to what it means and what it entails, it has enhanced and evolved in both practitioner communities and academic globally (Smith 2003). The notion that the responsib ilities of business enterprises to society go past that of profit making for the shareholders has been here for many years. The phenomenon developed after the WW II and failed to take any direction in terms of significance until the 1960s and afterwards (Friedman 1970). So long as the government keeps the laws, corporations will continue to carry out their practices as the law permits them to maximize profit, so in other words, CSR is not the complete responsibility of corporations, but that of the governments. Edwards Freeman created the theory of the  stakeholder, which deals with a person’s values and morals in organization management (Friedman 1970). The  theory of the stockholder states that stockholders increase resources to corporate managers who operate as agents in developing their interests. The main purpose of any organization is to maximize profit. The problem is whether these organizations should have any responsibilities towards society. The function of a co rporation is vital when attempting to comprehend what builds a ‘good’ corporation (Smith 2003). Since the beginning of debates over CSR, critics and supporters have been expressive about the arguments for and against the notion of CSR. There has been expansive discussion about these arguments. Embedded in the discussions for and against the theory of CSR are points made previously, possibly on a gradual basis, supporting the concept. The argument against CSR concept classically  begins with the economic case expressed by the late Friedman (1970). According to Milton Friedman, the only duty of a business is to ensure maximum profit, and not worry about social responsibility. As a libertarian, he believes there is no need to get in the way of another person’s liberty. Milton supports free market and claims most developed capitalists states are, to some degree, welfares. According to him, the main social responsibility of a business is to ensure maximum profit, as long as it follows the rules of society. In short, a corporation should carry out its operations and take part in free and open competition exclusive of any fraud or deception. It is not right for businesses to have any form of social responsibility because most business owners become so in order to make profits. The issue of CSR also asks the question, who is responsible in ensuring the corporation follows CSR policies? Is it any person with power or the owner? Does an individual, as opposed to workers combined have moral duties (Smith 2003)? These are the type of

Organizational culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Organizational culture - Assignment Example According to the study conducted most of the organizations today thrive depending on the innovation, creativity and the discovery of their employees. Organizational culture can be described as the manner in which a collective group of people from an organization think, perceive and feel things in relation to the company’s visions, norms, values, its beliefs and even it habits. People who work in the same organization all have a tendency in which they perceive things and their own interpretation and understanding of a particular matter if it is to occur. The culture web is an example of the theories used to define organizational culture. The culture web was first coined by Jerry Johnson & Kevan Scholes in. In their definition of the culture web, they defined culture web as the ‘pattern and mode’ which is the paradigm in a work environment. He uses a number of things to clearly define what a culture web is. According to Mullins, organizational behavior is determined a lot by organizational culture. Organizational culture can be defined as the manner in which things happen in an organization. It is the manner in which decisions are made or the way in which things are perceived in a given organization. Organizational culture is the manner in which people in a certain organization figure their way around both internally and externally. Organizational culture is important in a number of things. Firstly, organizational culture assists in that it helps people who work together in a certain organization to understand very complex situations. ... Additionally, organizational culture is very difficult to imitate so it is a way in which competition is created. In order to understand the organizational culture of a certain organization, one must first understand the values that are incorporated. Some of the disadvantages of an organizational culture is that it is hard to incorporate new ideas. In order to understand organizational culture there are theories that were used to define organizational culture. Culture web is an instance of how one can define organizational culture. The web culture is one of the theories that is used in studying organizational culture (Moarn & Volkwein, 1992) Culture web According to Buchanan & Huczynski (2010), the culture web, which was coined by Johnson Jerry and Kevan schole, can be defined as the set of beliefs and assumptions commonly incorporated within an organization. Additionally, these set of beliefs and assumptions are taken for granted in that particular organization but they are discrete to an outsider observer. If the organizational history and events are explained, then the set of beliefs and assumptions come to the picture. These set of beliefs and assumptions are commonly referred to as the recipe or the paradigm. The recipe or the paradigm of a particular organization can be applied when a situation arises. The recipe can then be adapted taking down in to account the factors which are most relevant to each individual in the company. The organizational culture web of a particular organization then forms its pivot point on the recipe. The recipe has an indirect influence on the behaviors of all the employees. The recipe which is also known as the paradigm forms the core of the cultural web (Billor & Dawson, 1994).

Seminar Play Analysis Essay Example for Free

Seminar Play Analysis Essay On November 20th I went to the Black Box theatre to see the play Seminar. It was a small production, and there were only five actors. Going into the play, I had no idea what to expect. I had heard the play was a bit raunchy, with explicit dialogue and provocative scenes. The play started out with four actors portraying college graduate writers. I loved how realistic the setting was; it really looked like somebody’s real apartment. The actors did very well portraying emotion, and every thing they did and said I could relate to. At one point, a girl was eating real ice cream and complaining on the couch to her friend. I thought it was funny how every girl could relate to that scene. I also liked that the actor had no problem devouring ice cream on top of memorizing her lines and acting at the same time. I would find it hard not to focus on anything other than the delicious taste of the ice cream. The play was indeed explicit and provocative. Being an 18 year old, I definitely had no problem with that! I think I can speak for all of the students who came out to watch the play. Something about how throwing in and â€Å"F bomb† can add so much more emotion and often times humor to a scene. I really enjoyed listening to them talk just like most young adults would. The playwright wasn’t holding back at all in the script, and I think that’s what made the play so captivating. The script was relatable and funny. There were some things that I didn’t like about the play. One of the characters portrayed a rebellious girl who wore dark clothes and heavy makeup. She was the one who was hooking up with the professor and her friend. She kept blinking her eyes too much and moving her head to try to look as if she was being seductive. I understand that in order to portray a seductive character some of those gestures would work well. I think the actor over did it, and I found it distracting to watch her keep doing the robotic gestures even when she wasn’t in the limelight. I really liked the set design and how they changed the scene to the professor’s apartment in a creative way. Since there are no curtains in the black box, it’s hard to be able to completely add new props and move furniture since everybody can see what you’re doing. The director did a great job deciding to turn off the lights, play music, and only have the colored lights on the white canvas in the back. The actors danced around and created a whole new set without the audience really knowing what was going on. When the lights turned back on, a whole new set was in place, and it accurately depicted a writing professor’s messy living room. I loved this set a lot, with paper scattered about, and a little Buddha on his desk to resemble something he had gotten on his many adventures to different countries that he was always bragging about. By being in this class, I’ve started to notice the small details like that in a play that I would have never noticed before. When the professor poured a drink of Jack Daniels, it looked so real that I actually questioned whether or not it was fake. I had to ask one of my friends in theatre if the actor was actually drinking alcohol or not, which they chuckled at, due to the fact that is very illegal. He then told me how actors have a whole lesson on making realistic props such as alcohol. They have all these combinations of non-alcoholic drinks that when put together look very real. The last thing I really liked about the play was how accurate the costumes were for the actors. The professor maintained a professional but casual look, that is, when he wasn’t walking around in his robe! I really liked Izzy’s costume too; it accurately depicted her character without going overboard.

Free Essays - The Fools of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead :: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead Essays

At first glance, one might believe that the only things Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead has in common with William Shakespeare's Hamlet are Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and the segments of Hamlet Stoppard pasted in his play. Looking more closely, however, one would observe that the most extreme absurdities of Stoppard's play are derived from Shakespeare's Hamlet. Particulars of Stoppard's play that might at first be considered simply ridiculous improbabilities (such as the fact that they cannot remember their own names, and the acceptance which with they view their own deaths) later surface as mockery of disturbing details in Hamlet. The most notable derivation from Shakespeare's Hamlet that Stoppard imparts to his play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, is the lack of identity both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern share. In Hamlet, these characters are identified solely as Hamlet's childhood friends, are interchangeable with respect to characterization, and it is left unclear as to whether they were aware of the fact that they were sending Hamlet to his death. In Stoppard's play, Rosencrantz introduces himself and his friend by saying, "My name is Guildenstern, and this is Rosencrantz." The lack of definition between the characters continues to such an extent that the reader has difficulty differentiating between the two. Stoppard's emphasis upon this lack of characterization seems to state that these deaths, meaningless to Hamlet, should have been allowed to signify something to the audience (in regard to Hamlet's character). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern might at least have been more clearly delineated in thei r intent, whether it was malicious or simply ignorant of the truth. Another detail of Shakespeare's Hamlet that Stoppard capitalizes on in his play is the unquestioning manner in which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern accept directives from the king. In Hamlet, these two are summoned; they come. They are asked to delve into the life of a childhood friend with whom they have had no contact hor some time; they try. Free Essays - The Fools of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead :: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead Essays At first glance, one might believe that the only things Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead has in common with William Shakespeare's Hamlet are Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and the segments of Hamlet Stoppard pasted in his play. Looking more closely, however, one would observe that the most extreme absurdities of Stoppard's play are derived from Shakespeare's Hamlet. Particulars of Stoppard's play that might at first be considered simply ridiculous improbabilities (such as the fact that they cannot remember their own names, and the acceptance which with they view their own deaths) later surface as mockery of disturbing details in Hamlet. The most notable derivation from Shakespeare's Hamlet that Stoppard imparts to his play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, is the lack of identity both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern share. In Hamlet, these characters are identified solely as Hamlet's childhood friends, are interchangeable with respect to characterization, and it is left unclear as to whether they were aware of the fact that they were sending Hamlet to his death. In Stoppard's play, Rosencrantz introduces himself and his friend by saying, "My name is Guildenstern, and this is Rosencrantz." The lack of definition between the characters continues to such an extent that the reader has difficulty differentiating between the two. Stoppard's emphasis upon this lack of characterization seems to state that these deaths, meaningless to Hamlet, should have been allowed to signify something to the audience (in regard to Hamlet's character). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern might at least have been more clearly delineated in thei r intent, whether it was malicious or simply ignorant of the truth. Another detail of Shakespeare's Hamlet that Stoppard capitalizes on in his play is the unquestioning manner in which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern accept directives from the king. In Hamlet, these two are summoned; they come. They are asked to delve into the life of a childhood friend with whom they have had no contact hor some time; they try.

Electronic Surveillance at the Workplace

Electronic Surveillance has been part of Americans framework since the invention of the telephone. Employers utilize a variety of electronic surveillance devices and other means of obtaining information. These devices are computer monitoring, video surveillance, investigators, spying, and eavesdropping/wiretapping as well as other means. Most employers have a valid reason for using one or more surveillance devices to either monitor their employees for business purposes such as for training, quality assurance and customer service and others use it monitor customers and employee integrity from theft and fraud.Early on in the electronic age legislation was created to protect our civil liberties from being violated and pried upon by the federal government, police, employers and the general public this legislation was known as the Omnibus Crime Control and safe Streets Act and later amended to the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of (ECPA) 1986 which governs third-party interceptions of electronic communications.The questions that employees have in today’s work place is if they have any expectation of privacy, when and where my conversations can be deemed private, do employers have the right to eavesdrop on conversations while I am in the workplace and to what extent can they go. Today information about hundreds of thousands of things surround us, it hits us from every direction, the television in morning broadcast the daily news, radio personalities during your commute to work was well as conversations from people passing you by on the street or in the supermarket.While in the workplace were can an employee expect to have privacy within that environment? Employees should expect a limited amount of privacy based on their surroundings. The Supreme Court of California recently held that: â€Å"In an office or other workplace to which the general public does not have unfettered access, employees may enjoy a limited, but legitimate, xpectation that their co nversations and other interactions will not be secretly videotaped by undercover television reporters, even though those conversations may not have been completely private from the participants' coworkers†. 1 Therefore an employees should expect a degree of privacy while in the workplace, conversations held outside of the ear-shot of others boundaries have been set for a private conversation.Altman 1975; Derlega and Chaikin 1977, suggest that two interacting parties will attempt to set boundaries that meet their individual goals as well as their collective interest. 2 In an office setting there are typically two types of workspaces, and open area, in which there are several desks and conversations can be overheard or there are enclosed offices, in which—when the door is closed conversations cannot be heard. State and Federal laws have granted employers a wide latitude of control over the workplace environment as it pertains privacy. Tile 18 of the U. S. Code which encom passes the Electronic Communication Privacy Act (ECPA) states that â€Å"it shall not be unlawful under this chapter for a person not acting under color of law to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication where such person is a party to the communication or where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent to such interception unless such communication is intercepted for the purpose of committing any criminal or tortuous act in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States or of any State†.In short, conversations in the workplace place must be of a business nature and one of the parties to the conversation must give consent to have that conversation recorded or monitored. Mark Renfro a Insurance Counselor at GEICO stated â€Å"That conversations held in an open area at work would have little to no privacy rights because anyone can hear your conversation, but on the other hand if the situation were to be that the conversations were t o be held out of ear-shot of others in a remote location where it is him and someone else or behind closed doors that conversations would be viewed as private†. In the video clip, did the sales manager Herman have sufficient grounds for utilizing electronic surveillance in order to determine if his sales people are honest? As the manager Herman is ultimately responsible for the daily operation of the business and needs to know if his sales team operates with integrity when presenting information to the company’s patrons. Salespeople that state miss information about products could potentially cause businesses money in current or future sale, lawsuits and future customer business.Thus, he does have sufficient grounds to use electronic surveillance to monitor his sales team’s conversations with customers because they occur during the normal course of business. So now to what extent can employers engage in monitoring its employees? Under Tile 18 of the U. S. Code, g uidelines have been established as to what, when, and where electronic surveillance can be conducted. First and foremost it must be a legitimate business purpose. There are typically 4 types of monitoring employers use: telephone; computer; e-mail/voice mail and video monitoring.All forms of monitoring have stringent requirements employers need to follow: Telephone monitoring is used to monitor business on business phones with clients or customers for quality control reasons and in most states is required to inform that the conversation is recorded or monitored. An import note to this would be that calls that are deemed to be of a personal nature are not allowed to be monitored from any phone not specified as business phones. Computer monitoring is used mostly to monitor employee sites visited on the World Wide Web to ensure unprofessional or unethical site are being viewed within the workplace.In addition employers want to ensure the safety of its network from viruses and Trojan ho rses that could infect its system and bring business to a halt. Electronic mail falls under the same guidelines as computer monitoring. E-mail systems uses company computers and have the restrictions. Lastly, video monitoring is used a deterrent to theft and security of the business and its employees. Currently, federal law does not require disclosure to employees. Video monitoring is unlawful to be used in bathrooms, lock rooms and dressing rooms or any public rooms were a reasonable person would consider a private.Determining whether the inclusion of innocence of unaware third parties has when being monitored and any legal grounds. Unfortunately, Title 18 only requires the consent from one party to be lawful and therefore an unaware third party could not be innocent. Although Cathy Goodwin states â€Å" consumer privacy is violated when information is gathered or used without consumer consent or when a consumer’s private space is violated by unwanted consumer communication s†

Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy Essay

Tiffany is worried about her newborn son. Ever since she brought Caleb home from the hospital it has been so hard to get him to eat and he seems to be breathing too hard all the time. At his one month check-up, the nurse tells her that Caleb has only gained one pound since he was born and Tiffany breaks into tears. Dr. Baker checks over Caleb in the exam room, taking extra time feeling and listening to his chest. After the exam Dr. Baker says, â€Å"When I listen to Caleb’s heart I hear an extra sound called a murmur. I want to use an echocardiogram and an ECG to get a good picture of all the parts of his heart.† After a full day of tests, Tiffany meets with Dr. Baker in his office. He explains, â€Å"After a careful review of all the information, I have discovered that Caleb has a hole in the heart muscle wall between his right and left ventricles. We call it a ventricular septal defect. That is probably why he has been so irritable and hard to feed. The hole is not very big, but he will still need to have surgery to repair it.† Although the thought of her tiny son having surgery is terrifying, Tiffany is relieved to know why things have been so tough at home. Short Answer Questions: 1. Caleb has abnormal heart sounds that tipped the doctor off to a problem. a. Name the normal sounds of the heart and indicate what causes these sounds. The two major sounds that are heard in a normal heart beat sound like â€Å"lub dub†. The â€Å"lub† is the first heart sound, commonly termed S1, and is caused by turbulence caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole. The second sound, â€Å"dub† or S2, is caused by the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole. (STETHOGRAPHICS.COM) b. In relation to the normal heart sounds, when would you expect to hear the abnormal sound Dr. Baker heard? Explain your answer. When a valve is stenotic or damaged, the abnormal turbulent flow of blood produces a murmur  which can be heard during the normally quiet times of systole or diastole. (MED.UCLA.EDU). In relation to the systole and the diastole a murmur can be detected between the quiet times between the two. Normally, a murmur is a blowing, whooshing, or rasping sound heard during a heartbeat. (NIH.GOV)That is what Dr.Baker probably heard when doing the examination. 2. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? Explain your answer based on blood pressure and resistance in the heart and great vessels. It goes left to right during systole. The difference is normally, oxygen-poor (blue) blood returns to the right atrium from the body, travels to the right ventricle, and then is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen. Oxygen-rich (red) blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs, passes into the left ventricle, and then is pumped out to the body through the aorta. But when an infant has ventricular septal defect it still allows oxygen-rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with oxygen-poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle. (ROCHESTER.EDU) but instead when systole occurs the blood gets mixed because of the septum therefore heart needs to pump harder to ensure that enough blood with oxygen reaches the body. 3. When an echocardiogram is performed, the technician color-codes oxygenated blood (red) and deoxygenated blood (blue). a. In a healthy baby, what color would the blood be within the right and left ventricles, respectively? Right ventricle: deoxygenated (blue), Left ventricle: oxygenated (red) b. In Caleb’s heart, what color would the blood be within the right and left ventricles, respectively? Left ventricle: oxygenated (red). Right ventricle: will have mixed blood so it will be red and blue because the opening between the two ventricles has an effect similar to a connection between the atria: When the more powerful left ventricle beats, it ejects blood into the right ventricle and pulmonary circuit. (A&P book pg. 677) 4. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac output as a result of his  ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer. Caleb will produce lower cardiac output because a left-to-right shunt at the ventricular level reduces LV output by the amount of the shunt because of this the body’s compensatory mechanisms will increase intravascular volume because of this lowered cardiac output until LV end-diastolic volume is sufficient to pump both a normal cardiac output and the proportionate left-to-right shunt. (AHAJOURNALS.ORG) 5. Based on the location of Caleb’s defect, what part of the conduction system might be at risk for abnormalities? Well since Caleb has a hole in his heart muscle wall these parts of the conduction system might be at risk for abnormalities the SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. (NIH.GOV 2) WORKS CITED STETHOGRAPHICS.COM http://www.stethographics.com/main/physiology_hs_introduction.html MED.UCLA.EDU https://www.med.ucla.edu/wilkes/Physiology.htm NIH.GOV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003266.htm A&P book pg. 677 ROCHESTER.EDU http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P01829 NIH.GOV 2 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000021.htm AHAJOURNALS.ORG

The team and its organization

The team and its organization Teams form part of the larger organization, this implies that both the team and the organization can have a significant influence on one another. Effective team management entails having an in depth understanding of the interaction between teams and their respective organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The team and its organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teams interact with their organizations in various capacities including external and internal levels. External activities usually entail how the different teams in an organization interact with external entities. In its broadest sense, external activities can be divided into ambassador, task coordinator, scout and guard. Teams within an organization can partake one activity or integrate two or more activities as in the case of comprehensive teams. A significant characteristic of a successful team is their engagement in ambassadorial activities. Te ams that have high levels of task-coordinator activities have also been reported to be successful. This implies that successful team leaders should primarily engage themselves in ambassadorial and task-coordinator activities. Scouting activities do not significantly affect the success of a group. It is evident that the success of an organization is significantly determined by the way a team interacts with an organization as a whole. It is also imperative to view the organization as a single team consisting of smaller teams within it; this is why the teams’ interaction with the larger organization is important in determining the success of an organization and the success of the team. Supportive culture is an important aspect for a team that operates within the limits of the larger organization. The most important element of supportive culture incorporates the belief that the individuals in an organization are an important asset to the organization. Another significant characte ristic of supportive culture is that the staff should be categorized in an appropriate grouping that is according to their individual requirements and their behaviors. It is also important that the organization should highly discourage isolation, and most importantly, roles assigned to individuals should match their skills. The effectiveness of an organization is also determined by the levels of hostility in the working environment. Organizational cultures should be viewed from three perspectives: culture as types, culture as symbols, culture as shared beliefs, cultures as networks and culture as systems. The principles for the success of an organization are usually based on a bias for action; this implies that individuals in an organization lay more emphasis on ensuring that appropriate actions are undertaken in an appropriate manner.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In such as setting, task-coordinator activities are common coupled with the increasing need for experimentation. The second principle that determines the success of an organization is its closeness with the potential and already existing customers. The third success principle that an organization should deploy is the use of autonomy and entrepreneurship. This is usually fostered through the use of flexibility and ensuring dynamism in the work force. Other principles that ensure excellence in an organization include a hand on value with a value driven approach, maintaining a simple form with a lean staff and the upholding of concurrent loose-tight attributes. It is important that there exists cohesion among the various teams and individuals in an organization; this can be fostered through effective team building strategies, without impairing the distinctiveness in the identities of each team. For an organization to be effective in the execution of its processes, there should be we ll laid strategies that are aimed at fostering a strong organizational culture that is in line with the business processes of an organization. Organizational change is inevitable to any organization that prioritizes success. It is the responsibility of the organization and the individual teams to adapt to the changing nature of the business environment. The major requirements for effective organizational change include the establishing of clear targets, allocation of adequate resources, sufficient training and technical support, and regular feedback.

Beginner English Grammar Review

Beginner English Grammar Review Once youve taught a beginning level class for a few months, its time for review. There are so many new learning points over the course of a class that students need to revisit what they have learned. In order to do this, we like to do a bit of what we call grammar banging. Students take a quiz which has a question for each type of learning point the class has covered. The point of this exercise is to encourage students to discuss each point to review together. We like using this exercise in small groups to raise awareness of what has already been learned and where problems still lie. The sheets provided in these grammar banging reviews are very effective because each question focuses on one important, specific area. Aim Grammar review of the most important intermediate level English tenses, structure, and functions Activity Grammar banging multiple-choice review lesson with each question focusing on a specific point Level Beginner Outline This is straight-forward stuff. Make the copies and give them to the students.Have each student do the sheet by him/herself.Ask students to compare answers and discuss differences, each student trying to explain his/her choice.A correct sheet as a class. Review each grammar point quickly - you should get a lot of Oh, yeah.....Give the students an unmarked copy of the same exercise to repeat at home to solidify the review exercise. Grammar Banging - Review your English - 1 Choose the correct word to fill in the gap. Are there ______ apples in the kitchen?muchanysomeThat is _____ interesting book.theaanI went ______ church last Sunday.atintoWhat _____ he like? - He is very friendly.doesdidisI ________ a new car last month.boughthave boughtbuyedHow ________ money do you have in your pocket?manyfewmuchHe came ______ home late last night.-attoJack is a nice boy, and I like _____.-himhisI get up ______ seven oclock every day.inonatI like __________ music.listenlisten tolistening toWhat __________ in your free time?you dodo you doare you doingMy father _______ in a bank.worksworkis workingWould you like _______ coffee?anyansome Exercise 1 Printing Page Beginner Grammar Banging Page 2Back to lessons resource page

Survey method and discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Survey method and discussion - Essay Example It involves group of students discussing a lecture or students from different schools working in groups together on a shared assignment. The growing body of international researchers explores the relationship between social emotional learning and the cooperative learning in academic achievements. In the study most of the students were of the view of cooperative learning to improve their academic performance. In cooperative learning individual student performance was more superior as compared with the individualistic or the competitive method where everyone is for himself or herself. The cooperative method is found superior for promoting metacognitive thoughts, transfer of learning from one setting to the other, persistence in working towards a goal and it also helps in one’s motivation intrinsically. In cooperative learning, the members of the group are obliged to rely on one another to achieve the set goals, all the students are also held accountable for doing their part of work in order for them to master all the content to be learnt (Durlak et al, 2010). The method also involves face to face promotive inter action with group members required to provide the members with feedbacks, challenging reasoning, conclusion and in most cases they teach and encourage one another in order to improve the level of understanding compared to the case where the teacher does all the lectures and the student may not be free and ready to ask the questions. The primary goal of this study which is carried among 20 respondents is to measure the academic achievements for social emotional learning cooperative learning methods as ways of instruction and to compare the findings on the achievements with those of the lecture method or the teacher based method where the teacher does all the talking and the student the listening. When assessment was carried out on these two kinds of methods were carried out, it was found that the students who undergo the cooperative method were